Authors such as A. E. Benson, Edward Carpenter, Aleister Crowley, and Michael Field explored the place of the humanist individual in a nature-centred belief system that stands in opposition not only to scientific materialism, but also to the industrialism and consumerism of the age. In so doing, they offered an early queer formulation of what today might be recognized as a post-human eco-spirituality.

Christian cultural practice in the Iberian Peninsula belies a lingering paganism in the Peninsula well after we assume the total defeat of organized pagan religion: you just have to know where to look.